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Keyword searches

Use the menu on the left to learn how to use special terms and shorcuts for creating advance searches in the keyword input box.

AND/OR searches

AND and OR are special words called boolean operators which allow terms to be combined to create specific searches.

AND, "+" (plus sign), OR, NOT and "-" (minus sign) are all valid Boolean operators. Each is described here:

OR

The OR operator is the default operator. This means that if there is no boolean operator between two terms, the OR operator is used.

To search for articles that contain either solar or organic:

solar organic

or

solar OR organic

AND

The AND operator matches documents where both terms exist anywhere in the article title or summary. To search for documents that contain the words solar and organic:

solar AND organic

+ (Plus sign)

The "+" or required operator requires that the term after the "+" symbol exist somewhere in the article title or summary.

To search for articles that must contain solar and may contain organic:

+solar organic

NOT

The NOT operator excludes articles which contain the term after NOT. To search for documents that contain solar but not organic:

solar AND NOT organic

Note: The NOT operator cannot be used with just one term. For example, the following search will return no results:

NOT organic

- (Minus sign)

The "-" or prohibit operator excludes documents that contain the term after the "-" symbol.

To search for documents contain solar but not organic:

solar -organic

Phrases

Phrases are a sequence of more than one word. Exact phrases can be searched by enclosing them in quotes (""). To search for the phrase organic products:

"organic products"

Phrases can be combined with boolean operators. To search for articles that contain the phrase organic products but NOT the phrase environmental risks:

"organic products" AND NOT "environmental risks"
or
+"organic products" -"environmental risks"

Grouping

Parentheses can be used to group clauses together. This can be used to control the boolean operators in a search.

To search for articles that contain either solar or wind turbine and energy:

(solar OR "wind turbine") AND energy

This makes sure that the term energy exists and either solar or wind turbine also exist.

Boosting a Term

To boost the importance of a particular term use the caret, "^", symbol with a boost factor (a number) at the end of the term. The higher the boost factor, the more relevant the term will be in the search results.

For example, if you are searching for solar organic and you want the term solar to be more relevant in the results:

solar^4 organic

This will make articles with the term solar appear more relevant than articles with only the term organic. You can also boost phrases:

"wind turbine"^4 solar

By default, the boost factor is 1. Although the boost factor must be positive, it can be less than 1 (e.g. 0.2)

Title and Summary Searching

By default all searches look at both the the Title and Summary of the article. You can create searches that look at only one or the other of those, or that use different search criteria for each.

To search for articles where the Title contains solar:

Title:solar

To search for articles where the Summary contains solar and hydrogen:

Summary:(solar AND hydrogen)

Different Title and Summary searches can be combined and each one can use any of the other keyword search features.

To search for articles where the Title contains energy and the Summary contains solar but does NOT contain coal plant:

Title:energy AND Summary:(+solar -"coal plant")

Proximity Searches

You can use a proximity search to search for words within a specific distance of each other. To do a proximity search use the tilde, "~", symbol at the end of a phrase.

To search for articles that have solar and hydrogen within 10 words of each other:

"solar hydrogen"~10
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Govt Wants to Impose GMOs 'by Force' -- The East African (10/6/2008) Kenya's Minister for Agriculture William Ruto has launched a National Biotechnology Awareness Strategy.  [More]

GM 'Pharming' May Address Drug Needs -- Irish Times (10/6/2008) Julian Ma of the University of London in the U.K. told a recent conference at Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland, that genetically modified (GM) plants could supply drugs and vaccines in large and affordable amounts.  [More]

ICRISAT to Re-Establish Center in Nigeria -- ICRISAT (10/6/2008) The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has announced that it will soon re-establish its center in Nigeria.  [More]

Southern Africa: Investment, Information Keys to Productivity -- Inter Press Service (10/3/2008) Approximately 200 delegates gathered last month for an annual policy dialogue hosted by the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN) in Lilongwe, Malawi.  [More]

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